Buried pipelines are used to transport water, liquid fuel, gas, oil, etc and they must remain in service in all circumstances such as permanent transverse ground deformation caused by slope instability. In the literature, modeling of soil-pipe interaction is carried out by using two methods of soil-equivalent springs and continuum. In this paper, numerical simulation in domain of continuum is applied to predict the behavior of the pipe embedded inside the slope. Problem modeling has been done in the FLAC 3D software by using finite difference method. The effect of parameters such as pipe diameter and thickness, width of the slope, soil adhesion and internal friction angle of soil on soil and pipe interactions were investigated. Comparison of the present numerical model with other numerical, analytical and physical models, indicates that the maximum displacement of the transverse ground and pipe occurs in the center of the area and reaches zero in the sides. Also, the anchor and force in the pipe are symmetric to the center of the model and reach a maximum value in the center. By taking steps such as increasing the diameter of the pipe, increasing the thickness of the pipe wall and reducing the angle of the slope, the displacements, tensions and strains created in the pipe can be reduced to some extent. On the other hand, the internal angle of friction of the soil and cohesion are effective in increasing the soil's resistance and also reducing the deformations in the pipe.

The danger of amplitude movements is considered as one of the hazards that has occurred in many areas in recent years. Identifying the areas exposed to amplitude movements and estimating its rate plays an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. Radar interference technique is an efficient method in measuring ground surface displacement which makes it possible to monitor small movements of the earth surface continuously, with high accuracy and in a wide range. This technology has become very common in the study of natural disasters of the earth, including slope displacement, subsidence, earthquakes and volcanic activity. This technique compares the phase taken from two radar datasets at two different times and. Besides, creating an interrogram, it is able to measure changes on the earth surface over time. In the current study, the radar images of 2015 and 2020 have been applied in order to identify and measure landslides. SARSCAPE software has been used to process information. The land-use map of the study area was extracted using Landsat 8 image and object-oriented classification method. The findings reveal that radar images have a good potential to detect the instability of slopes and to calculate their displacement. During the study period, the maximum amount of material movement has been recorded as 21 cm, indicating the area is active in terms of amplitude movements. The overlap of the landslide map with the land use layer also confirms the maximum occurrence of landslides in the use of vegetation and rainfed agriculture.

Landslides and slope instabilities are among the important natural hazards, which cause human and financial casualties and loss of economic resources every year. These hazards mostly occur in natural slopes or those manipulated by human. Landslide hazard zonation is one of the methods by which, areas prone to landslide occurrence can be determined and plannings can be done using the obtained zonation maps to reduce the casualties. The aim of this contribution is to study landslide hazard zonation within the Baleghluchai watershed in NW Iran. First, the main factors including the slope and its direction, geology, soil, climate, distance from the road and river and land usage were determined. The method of current investigation was Fuzzy AHP in the GIS environment, based on which, after preparing data layers using the above-mentioned parameters and giving weights to them in the GIS environment, the landslide potential map, as well as classification was carried out by Fuzzy AHP method. Results showed that the largest part of the watershed (32. 21%) has low landslide potential, while about 13. 5% of it has very high potential. Areas with very high and high landslide potential (327. 39 km2 area) are mainly located in the northwest of the watershed, with some small areas distributed in the south and east, while areas with very low and low potential (504. 06 km2) are mainly found in the central to northwestern and southern parts of the watershed.

Mass movement is one of the natural hazards with regard to frequency of which and its strength there are two consequences direct (blocking the rads and the direction of waterways, burring the residential areas and service installations) and indirect consequences (environmental unpleasant effects, making the soil useless, increasing the sedimentaion and decreasing the capacity of dams). The present research was carried out on Kalan dam watershed in Malayer to distinguish the effective factors in the mass movement and recognize prepared areas for mass movement and appointing the weight which states the standard role of these factors in mass movement occurrence.Factors such as lithology, space of faullts, slope, altitudinal surfaces and rainfall are chosen as the most effective factors in the mass movement occurrence. By using geological maps, topography and aerial photos in the from of geographical information system (GIS) and ArcGIS software, we used LNRF model in the maps in the numerical and stratum from for analyzing the obtained data through studying the effective variances as the research conceptive tools. We finally prepared the zoning map of the mass movement danger by combining various strata (layers) through weighting to the effective factors and their algebraic conclusion and the results show that the LNRF model is a good competence to study the data and zoning of mass movement in Kalan dam basin.

Introduction: The continuous monitoring of land surface deformation and recognition of susceptible area for slope movements, especially in residential area and traffic infrastructures such as roads and railways, is considered as the most effective factors for reducing losses (human and financial) of environmental hazards such as subsidence and landslide. Several techniques such as global position system (GPS), geodesy, tachometry, Leaser scanning and LIDAR had been used to monitor land surface deformation However, their use is limited in wide area due to high cost, time-consuming, and limited surface coverage. Of course, synthetic aperture radar Differential Interferometry (DInSAR), which can be used in all climate conditions during night and day, covers extended earth surface and possesses high spatial and temporal resolution, is regarded as one of the most precise (precision in millimeter) and Cost-effectiveness remote sensing techniques to recognize and monitor land surface deformations, slow movements and slope instability worldwide. Regarding the mechanism, the phase difference of various SAR images with standard format (SLC), taken at different times from a specific area, are calculated and land displacement along the line of sight (LOD) are precisely estimated. In the present study, in order to overcome the limitations of conventional synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), SUBSOFT software and differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) based on coherent pixels’ technique (CPT), which is develoed by the Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSLab) group from the Universitat Politè cnica de Catalunya (UPC), were utilized to recognize unstable slopes around Lorestan railway. In this regard, 50 descending sentinel-1 images, corresponding to the period from 2015 to 2018 (obtained from European Space Agency) were analyzed. The rate of slope movements (millimeter per year) in satellite trajectory and maximum displacement (28. 8 cm/year) were obtained in Tang-e-Haft to Tang-e-Panj stations, by indicating the activation of area with respect to slope movement. The Lorestan Railway is part of the north-south railway of Iran that is 215 km long. it extends from the Momenabad Station in Markazi province to the Tang-e-Haft Station in Khuzestan province and goes across high Zagros Mountains located in the geographical coordinates of 48° , 15' to 49° , 05 ' E, and the latitudes of 32° , 25' to 33° , 30' N. This region has specific characteristics in terms of slope instability and related geomorphological phenomena due to local and regional characteristic of the active Zagros orogenic belt. Material Method In the present study, conventional methods (satellite images, 3D images derived from google earth software, terrain survey, topographic maps and landslide database of area) and advanced techniques (high precision synthetic aperture radar images ASAR) were used to recognize unstable slopes around Lorestan railway. In fact, conventional methods such as land surveing was utilized to recognize large landslide with rapid movement and advanced techniques such as differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) was used to measure slow movement and identify susceptible parts for landslide. Differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) is considered as one of the most important and usable methods, which measures land surface deformation by using phase difference (∆ ɸ ) of every pixel from a (SLC) image pair, taken individually from a specific area at different time. Fifty descending radar images from sentinel-1 of European Space Agency were used to recognize slope instability in Lorestan railway during temporal range of 2015 to 2018 (recording time of 14 days, track number of 108 and frame number of 482). Discussion: Rate linear map and temporal series of slope material displacement in Lorestan railway were prepared by using differential radar interferometry. In order to facilitate the measurement of slope movements, radar images in the area with 2 km radius were selected for calculation, due to the location of the most landside hazard points in Bisheh to Tange e Haft stations and extracting many points from processing. and the highest displacement rate of 28. 8 cm per year was obtained of the Tang-e-7 to Tang-5 stations, and finally Several points susceptible for landslide hazard, obtained from final map, were selected through DInSAR method and controlled by field survey to validate differential radar interferometry. Based on the results, this method is considered as a high precision technique to recognize area possessing hazard of slope movement in wide and mountains area such as Lorestan Result: Lorestan railway is considered susceptible for various landslides due to passing through folded and high Zagros mountainous and alternating geological formations with different resistance. Accessing to some slopes, overlooking railway is regarded impossible due to the presence of impassable segments in area under study. Thus, in the present study, new differential radar interferometry was utilized by using low-pass images of sentinel-1 to recognize area having landslide hazard and measure the slow movement of slope material in Lorestan railway. In addition, in order to verify radar data results, 35 vulnerable points overlooking Lorestan railway were recognized through field survey. Based on the results, radar data and differential interferometry are regarded to detect landslide and calculate their displacement value due to wide coverage, abundant data and high precision. The analysis of temporal series diagrams showed that a maximum of slop material movements occurred in the autumn and spring due to higher rainfall in these seasons compared to others.

At present, the question of identification, control, and prevention of human, economic, and social losses resulting from natural events such as earth tremors, floods, and earthquakes have attracted special interest in scientific-research communities and in responsible authorities of most countries around the world. In recent decades, considering the upward trend in losses and damages caused by natural events (especially landslides), prediction of damages and losses and introduction of solutions and methods for controlling and avoiding them have been addressed in earnest. This research evaluated the region around the Benaravan fault using logistic regression (logit regression or logit model) to determine regions that face slope instability hazard. Field surveys were made, previous research was reviewed, and the prevailing conditions in the region was studied first and, using the Idrisi software, it was found that the nine factors of altitude class, slope, dip direction, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, land use, and vegetation influenced occurrence of slope instability. After performing slope instability hazard zonation, percentages of slope instability in each class were calculated. Results indicated that areas with high hazard zonation in the study region constituted the smallest part of it. In this research, which used logistic regression, the elevation factor with the highest coefficient was the best variable for predicting the occurrence probability of slope instability in the region. The highest incidence of slope instability occurred at high altitudes with slopes of 23-32 degrees because of gravity force.

In this paper, a new scheme for serial communication is proposed. In this method, in addition to the pulse states (high and low), either of negative slope or positive slope of the pulse (saw-tooth waveform) is employed as a representative for another digit. Using pulse slope as a representative for a separate digit will result in sending two-bit-digits using a single pulse, which doubles the transfer rate. The proposed scheme can be used in both synchronized and asynchronized communications and can improve communication speed. Through simulating the proposed scheme, it turned out that this method, because of its proper immunity to noise, can be used as a peripheral interface alongside in-chip communication. The main idea in the raised discussion is to obtain four different geometric pulse shapes acting as four different numbers in the quaternary numeric system, in which it can be serialized/desrialized as easy as pulse states. This proposed method and the suggested system for serialization and deserialization of data can be an adequate alternative in high-speed communication approaches.

In this research, results of analysis of instability hazard of natural slope using a fuzzy logic functions is presented. Fuzzy models, owing to their flexibility in evaluating propositions are more realistic than conventional models. Input datasets used to landslide hazard potential evaluation include slope map, lithology, seismic and rainfall maps. Landslide inventory maps are also used to evaluate output of models. The fuzzy algebraic product operator has an increasing trend and, in other words, because of the multiplication of the membership degree of layers in each pixel, total point tends to zero. Therefore, the high point in output pixels of the map shows its high resolution in revealing the instability of slopes. To compare the output landslide hazard zonation maps two quantitative indicators named density ratio (Dr) and quality sum (Qs) have been used. Based on Qs, output map of the fuzzy algebraic product model has sensitivity near twice of the fuzzy algebraic sum model. Based on (Dr), high hazard classes in above models have more accuracy precision as compared to low hazard classes.

In order to present a quantitative indicator for the onset of instability, in this paper, the critical points of a stratified gravitational flow on a slope are found and analyzed. These points are obtained by means of the solution of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations via the standard Arakawa-C finite-difference method. Results show that in the marginal Richardson numbers, the critical points begin to originate. Also, the cyclic evolution in the temporal differenced density field in the vicinity of the critical points is used as a quantitative criterion of the onset of mixing. Therefore, it is possible to predict the beginning of the mixing phenomenon via analysis of only a limited number of critical points.

Landslide hazard zoning is a fundamental instrument for risk management and strategic decision-making in environmental planning, a task of particular importance in mountainous regions with complex and dynamic terrain. The metropolis of Tabriz, constrained by its geomorphological and topographical conditions, has historically pursued a sectoral development model. This growth strategy has driven the extensive construction and expansion of satellite towns around the city’s periphery. Many of these newly developed settlements—most notably Eram Town—are located in close proximity to the active fault line north of Tabriz. This precarious location exposes them to multiple natural hazards, including earthquakes, flash floods, and diverse forms of mass movements. These factors are widely acknowledged as critical indicators in geomorphological hazard assessments, a concern further compounded by the fact that many of these settlements are built on unstable slopes composed of weak and erodible lithology. Due to the city’s mountainous topography and the prevalence of clay-rich, unstable soils, Tabriz is highly susceptible to diverse types of slope movements, from shallow landslides to deep-seated instabilities. Accordingly, this study pursued two main objectives: (1) to assess and zone slope instability within the metropolitan area of Tabriz, and (2) to develop a robust, generalizable model for systematic landslide hazard zoning. The proposed model is designed for application not only to Tabriz but also to neighboring areas with comparable geomorphological characteristics. To this end, the evaluation integrated nine key causative factors and employed two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods—Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC)—to derive precise weightings.   Methodology SWARA is a MCDM technique designed to determine the relative weights of criteria and sub-criteria. Step 1: A decision model is developed based on the interrelationships among parameters. The criteria used to construct the slope instability zoning map are then ranked in descending order according to their perceived importance. Step 2: The weights of the criteria are calculated as follows: beginning with the second criterion, the evaluator specifies the relative importance of criterion j in comparison with the preceding criterion (j-1). This procedure is repeated sequentially for all remaining criteria. In contrast to many other approaches, the CRITIC method does not rely extensively on expert judgment. Indeed, its independence from subjective expert assessments is regarded as one of its principal strengths. The method evaluates data by measuring the degree of contrast and correlation among criteria. Each criterion is represented as a vector characterized by statistical parameters, including the standard deviation, which captures the variability in its values.   Results and Discussion To assess the potential for slope movements, nine key factors were identified as critical triggers of instability in the region: slope gradient, aspect, lithology, land use, precipitation, proximity to faults, proximity to rivers, and proximity to roads. The historic urban core of Tabriz was established on relatively flat terrain with gentle slopes. However, rapid urban expansion has extended development onto adjacent steep slopes, particularly in newly established satellite towns. These towns are predominantly located in the northern and southeastern sectors of the city, both of which are characterized by steep terrain. The most erosion-prone geological units include marl, shale interbedded with sandstone, and recent fluvial alluvium. By contrast, sandstone and red marl units display comparatively higher resistance to erosion, contributing to the rugged topography and elevated relief of the basin. The eastern and northern sectors of the city are especially prone to landslides because of their distinctive geological composition. The prevalence of highly saturable marl and clay layers in these areas creates conditions that are highly conducive to slope instability. Precipitation intensifies slope instability through the combined effects of hydrological and mechanical processes. These effects are further amplified in areas characterized by steep gradients, erosion-prone lithology, and sparse vegetation cover. Zones located near fault lines are particularly vulnerable owing to concentrated tectonic stresses, intensified rock fracturing, and an elevated probability of micro-seismic activity. The rapid physical expansion of the city has also generated severe traffic congestion. To address this issue, beltways were constructed to divert transit traffic beyond the urban limits, leading to the development of two major highways in northern and southern Tabriz. Although originally designed exclusively for transit purposes, these corridors have progressively acquired urban functions as the city expanded along their axes.   Conclusion A careful comparison of the final hazard map with the landslide distribution map confirms the reliability of this study, as the high-risk zones correspond closely with historically recorded landslide events. Therefore, the methodology and model proposed in this study offer an effective framework for urban landslide hazard zoning. In particular, areas within the neighborhoods of Silab, Malazinal, Yousef Abad, Valiasr Alley, Baghmisheh Town, Golpark Alley, Shahid Yaghchian Town, Fajr Town, Khavaran Town, and Sayyad Shirazi Town fall within very high-and high-risk zones. Conversely, the southern and western sectors are largely classified as safe zones, whereas substantial portions of the northern and eastern sectors are designated as low-risk areas. Considering the ongoing physical and structural expansion of Tabriz, along with its increasing population, urban development requires careful management. Specifically, uncontrolled urban expansion into areas affected by the North Tabriz Fault System has heightened the city’s susceptibility to earthquakes and related geomorphological hazards, including slope instability. To mitigate future hazards, long-term urban planning should impose restrictions on development within high-risk zones. Furthermore, policymakers are advised to establish incentive programs that encourage at-risk residents to relocate to safer locations, thereby reducing their exposure to landslides and other geological hazards.